This is an excerpt from a recent educational article by Pepperl+Fuchs: There are two types of level measurement and level control: Point level detection – also known as level limit detection A level limit switch or point level is usually a probe that only provides a discrete output signal when the level reaches the probe […]
This is an excerpt from a recent educational article by Banner: In safety standards, the term “category” is commonly used to specify a particular level of reliability. ISO 13849, which deals with the safety of machinery and its control systems, defines “category” as the classification of the safety-related parts of a control system based on […]
This is an excerpt from a recent educational article by Pepperl+Fuchs: Retroreflective sensors from Pepperl+Fuchs are available in different versions—from models with polarization filters to sensors for detecting transparent objects to variants with foreground suppression and area sensor versions. Typical retroreflective sensors offer a larger detection range compared to diffuse mode sensors. An object is […]
This is an excerpt from a recent educational article by Banner: Ultrasonic sensors are devices that generate ultra-high-frequency sound waves greater than 20 kHz, beyond the range of human hearing. They use electrical energy and a ceramic transducer, which both transmits and receives sound waves. Sound waves are essentially pressure waves that travel through solids, […]
This is an excerpt from a recent educational article by Rockwell Automation: NIS2 recommends a risk-based approach, which aligns with best security practices for IT and OT. To understand risk, industrial organizations first need to understand the vulnerabilities in their environment and what those represent in terms of criticality to the organization. This knowledge will […]
This is an excerpt from a recent educational article by Grace Technologies: Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are the heart of manufacturing and production processes. PLCs offer flexibility, control, and efficiency, driving the operations of machinery and systems with precision. However, for control engineers and PLC programmers, working with these critical components does not come without […]
This is an excerpt from a recent educational article by Banner: The difference between PNP and NPN is the construction of the semiconducting material found inside the transistor. In a PNP transistor, the semiconducting material is made of three layers: a negative (N) layer between two positive (P) layers: Positive-Negative-Positive, or PNP. Likewise, an NPN […]
This is an excerpt from a recent educational article by YASKAWA: Design improvements for capability and flexibility, as well as advancements for system tools and processes, are fueling this “robolution,” enabling a wider user group to utilize robotic automation – with new entrants from the consumer goods, electronics, food and beverage, life sciences, pharmaceuticals, and […]
This is an excerpt from a recent educational article by Pepperl+Fuchs: Connectivity across all levels is at the heart of Industry 4.0, IIoT, smart factories, and intelligent devices. The rigid, hierarchical automation pyramids with dividing layers are increasingly being replaced by more comprehensive network structures in which individual nodes are linked and exchange data with […]
This is an excerpt from a recent educational article by Siemens: This week I meet up with Garett Williams and Raj Rajendra of Siemens to learn all about their machine mount I/O products in this episode of The Automation Podcast. To read the complete article, click on this link: https://theautomationblog.com/siemens-machine-mount-io/ Sincerely, Julius Frago, The Automation School